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- BUSINESS, Page 71Freedom: Not Just Another Bank
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- The big squeeze hits minority-owned financial institutions
- hardest
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- Rumors of the bank's imminent failure circulated throughout
- Harlem like a bad dollar bill all weekend. Anxious depositors
- began lining up outside on 125th Street in Manhattan as early
- as 5 a.m. last Tuesday, following the Veteran's Day holiday.
- By 9 a.m. the crowd was chanting, "Save the bank! Save the
- bank!" But Freedom National Bank was not to be saved. Instead,
- it became the 155th bank to be closed by the government so far
- this year. Said a saddened depositor, Joan Carpenter: "It's a
- shame. This is the only black bank in Harlem, and it shouldn't
- be allowed to close. It's not just another bank."
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- Just so. Until last week, Freedom was the nation's fourth
- largest black-owned banking company, with assets of $121
- million. Founded in 1964 by a group headed by the late baseball
- great Jackie Robinson, Freedom was formed with a special
- mission: to serve the churches, businesses and homeowners in
- the African-American community who were typically denied credit
- by mainstream institutions. Freedom helped finance the
- renovation of the Apollo Theater, for instance. But like many
- banks in the '80s, Freedom sought to cash in on expanded powers
- granted under deregulation by moving aggressively into new
- lending areas, including risky commercial real-estate ventures.
- Analysts say the bank strayed too far from its home base. As
- a result, the number of loan defaults at Freedom jumped 20% in
- the past year. The bank had lost $7 million since 1988.
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- Freedom's failure underscores not only the weakness in the
- banking system but also the special fragility of financial
- institutions controlled by minorities. Freedom was the weakest
- of the nation's 37 black-owned banks and the first to fail this
- year. While minority-owned banks face the same problems as
- traditional lenders, their troubles are compounded as they are
- overly dependent on depositors whose small accounts are costly
- to maintain and borrowers who run a greater risk of defaulting
- because of business failure or unemployment. This leaves these
- banks with little or no room for miscalculation.
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- Community leaders maintain that there is a special need for
- black banks. Rejections for black business and mortgage loans
- run so high in New York that the city's Human Rights Commission
- recently launched an investigation into bank lending practices.
- There is also growing concern about the number of branches
- being closed by big banks in minority neighborhoods. That's why
- black leaders went all out to rescue Freedom, as they had once
- before. In 1975, 11 area banks and foundations supplied $4
- million in emergency funds to avert a collapse.
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- In a last-ditch effort to save Freedom, political and
- business leaders tried to raise the $6 million needed to keep
- the bank solvent. But federal regulators closed Freedom after
- the group failed to meet a Nov. 13 deadline. Harlem Congressman
- Charles Rangel, in whose district the bank was situated,
- charged that the government moved too hastily. "It was mean
- spirited," he says. "We needed more time."
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- Efforts are already under way to start another black bank
- in Harlem. The names being considered include Freedom II and
- Freedom Now.
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- By Thomas McCarroll/New York.
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